This data of course refers only to the number of projects and not to the outlay on those projects. Moreover, on-going projects are counted among those being implemented; hence, for example, the very high percentage of projects being implemented in the health sector. In some cases projects are being implemented but only partial funding has been secured so that the project cannot be completed until further funding is received. Nevertheless, the Table clearly indicates that the CTA has made very significant progress with the implementation of the first IDP, and that most of the plans in the first IDP were realistic. This will be even more so in the case of the second IDP, for which it was possible to undertake much more detailed and thorough planning, including review and revision, and in some cases rejection, of plans submitted for the second IDP. The process of formulating the second IDP is described in the next section.

2.1.3 The Process of Formulating the Second IDP
The process of formulating the second Integrated Development Plan began in September 1992. At that time the Planning Council invited VikaSoko Development Exchange, the international development agency which had assisted in formulating the first IDP, to provide resource persons for assisting the Planning Council in drawing up the second IDP. Reflecting the fact that the CTA now had some trained personnel for planning, the inputs from the consultants were to be lower than in formulating the first IDP. Accordingly, VikaSoko provided one senior consultant and one semi-resident consultant. According to the Terms of Reference the resource persons were to assist the CTA and the Planning Council to formulate the second IDP, with a much greater emphasis on building the capabilities of the CTA staff and others in the Tibetan Refugee Community.

As in the case of the first IDP, the CTA appointed a middle-level officer to act as Departmental Planning Officer (DPO) in each Department and special unit, and a senior Settlement-based official as Field Planning Officer (FPO) for a group of Settlements or scattered communities in a region. Though efforts were made to continue with the DPOs and FPOs trained during the first IDP, this was not possible in over two-thirds of the cases, due to transfers across Departments and Settlements, as well as to the departure of a number of officers from the CTA. The Planning Council, however, was able to continue with the same officer as the full-time Planning Officer to act as a counterpart to the VikaSoko consultants.

On the basis of the experience of the first IDP, the Planning Council decided that the second Integrated Development Plan should be formulated a year in advance of the starting year, to enable raising of resources in time. Thus while the first IDP for the period 1992-93 to 1997-98 was published in March 1992, the second IDP covering the period 1995-96 to 1999-2000 is being published in June 1994.

Work on the second IDP formally began in December 1992. A five-day training workshop was organized for the DPOs and FPOs in Dharamsala to introduce them to planning processes. Planning formats for the Settlements, the scattered communities, the Departments and the special units were drawn up in consultation with the DPOs and the FPOs. The IDP Goals and Principles, as presented to and approved by His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Kashag, were discussed and explained to the participants. In view of the emphasis on participation and self-sufficiency, a substantial amount of new material on community involvement, and on financial analysis of social and economic projects was introduced to the DPOs and FPOs. A schedule was drawn up for organizing regional planning workshops, where community representatives and Settlement officials from all the Settlements of one region could meet and receive training in planning, so that they could participate meaningfully in the IDP process.

After the training, as in the previous year, the DPOs began the process of data collection and wider consultation in their respective Departments to establish sectoral goals and program priorities in line with the overall IDP goals. Particular attention was paid to developing the abilities of the Departments to plan for integrated programs rather than individual projects, and much more detailed program proposals were thus drawn up.

The DPOs also undertook a survey of the human resource needs of their respective Departments, and provided details, based on audited accounts, of their Department's expenditure and sources of income for 1992-93. The Refugee Community thus has for the first time accurate data on the overall financial position of all its central institutions, both those formally part of the CTA as well as the autonomous institutions.

In addition, three inter-departmental Task Forces were established for:

- Livelihoods, Employment and Income-Generation (LEIG);

- Human Resource Development (HRD); and

- Science, Technology and the Environment (ST&E)

These Task Forces deliberated on these important areas of concern to the Refugee Community which cut across departmental boundaries. The reports of these Task Forces have acted as a source for the second IDP.

The Planning Officer of the Planning Council and VikaSoko's semi-resident consultant met regularly with each Departmental Planning Officer, and with their departmental Secretaries, to guide them in drawing up their sector plans. They also attended most of the initial meetings of the Task Forces. As a result of this interaction many issues both at the policy and implementation level were discussed and the results of these deliberations are reflected in many chapters of the Plan document.

The FPOs meanwhile returned to their respective regions, and with the respective Settlement and Welfare Officers, contacted officials as well as elected representatives and members of the Refugee Community in various Settlements and scattered communities for a regional planning workshop. Seven such workshops were organized, as follows:

- Settlements in South India at Bylakuppe, February 1993

- Settlements in North Eastern India at Miao, March 1993

- Settlements in Central India at Chandragiri, March 1993

- Settlements in Nepal at Pokhara, April 1993

- Settlements in West Bengal and Sikkim at Darjeeling, April 1993

- Settlements in Uttar Pradesh and southern Himachal Pradesh at Dehradun, May 1993

- Settlements in Northern Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh at Bir, May 1993

The total number of participants at the seven workshops was close to 250, covering the entire cross-section of the Refugee Community, including farmers and traders, teachers and health workers, appointed officials and elected representatives, lay persons and monks, men and women, older persons and youth. The workshops were largely conducted in Tibetan language, with occasional inputs from the non-Tibetan resource persons being translated. A major part of the workshop involved small group discussions and presentations thereof in the plenary, and this method evoked a high degree of participation. At least one full day, and in some cases another half day, was spent in field work, where the participants went in small groups to meet the community of the Settlement hosting the workshop, to practice community involvement skills as well as to gather data and check out on felt needs. Another part of the fieldwork involved going to the nearby town markets, to scan the shops for opportunities of products that could be made in the Settlements.

After the workshops the five to seven persons from each Settlement who attended the training went back to their Settlements, and in some cases formed an informal Settlement planning and implementation committee. They, along with the FPO appointed for their Settlement, identified needs, priorities and projects for their respective Settlements. To avoid the problem encountered during the first IDP, the timing of the planning exercise in the Settlements was changed to the spring and summer season, so that settlers who migrate to sell sweaters in Indian cities during winter could participate.

The Field Planning Officers also gathered valuable new data. In addition to undertaking a similar survey as for the first IDP, they conducted a surveys of the monasteries and nunneries and of opportunities for livelihoods, employment and income-generation (LEIG). The last was one of the important focusses of the second IDP. The FPOs conducted the LEIG survey, including of existing private enterprises in the Settlements; the participants at the regional planning workshops received training in basic financial analysis and business planning and were introduced to the new scheme for private lending under the Revolving Loan Fund; a workshop on financial analysis was also conducted in Dharamsala for all the Cooperative Secretaries.

A second workshop for the Departmental and Field Planning Officers was held in September 1993. The focus of this workshop was on improving the quality of the projects proposed by the Settlements and the Departments and special units. A much greater degree of attention was paid to each proposal to ensure that it reflected a widely felt need of the Community; that the costing of the project was realistic; that the community had agreed to contribute as much as possible; that loans and local host government funds were being used to the extent possible; and that implementation and monitoring details had been thought through. As a result the quality of the project and program proposals was often significantly improved and the budgets more often than not reduced or the community contributions increased.

The methodology adopted for drawing up the second IDP has thus succeeded in introducing participatory planning processes in the Settlements, which are the building blocks of the Tibetan Refugee Community. Indeed, as one of the eminent persons in the Community put it after participating for a day in one of the regional planning workshops, the workshops acted as an "exercise in grassroots democracy".

The draft of the second IDP was presented to all the Kashag (Cabinet) and Secretaries of the Central Tibetan Administration and the autonomous Commissions in March 1994. The review meeting led to a number of alterations to the draft, in particular in terms of priorities, for example relating to new refugees or the expansion of the school system.

The second IDP process will be completed later in 1994. After the Refugee Community has had time to absorb the contents of the Plan, a series of dissemination workshops within the Community will be held on important issues arising from the data and the plans of various sectors, but in particular in Livelihoods, Employment and Income-Generation, Human Resource Development, and Science, Technology and the Environment. In addition the many planning formats will be revised and put together as a planning manual to ensure that the Refugee Community can continue the planning process through the third IDP without much external assistance.

2.2 GOALS AND DEVELOPMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE IDP

The following Goals and Developmental Principles were drafted by the Planning Council, and approved by the Kashag and His Holiness the Dalai Lama, in order to guide the Planning Council, the Planning Officers and the IDP consultants in drawing up the first Integrated Development Plan. These have been retained without modifications in the second IDP.

2.2.1 Long and Short Term Goals of the IDP

2.2.1.1 Long Term Goals
a. Traditionally Tibetans are a peace loving and non-violent people who have practiced non-violence with respect to all forms of life. This attitude has also been extended to our country's international relations. Tibet's highly strategic position in the heart of Asia has throughout history endowed it with an essential role in maintenance of peace and stability. Tibet's value as an independent buffer state was integral to the region's stability. Therefore it is quintessential to restore Tibet to her invaluable role, by converting the entire country - comprising the three provinces of U-Tsang, Kham and Amdo - once more into a place of stability, peace and harmony.

b. To transform Tibet into a modern developed country where every people irrespective of caste, birth, sex and religion can freely practice their religion, culture, thought, education and economic activities based on democratic principles.

c. Prior to the Chinese invasion Tibet was an unspoiled wilderness sanctuary in a unique natural environment. In the past decades Tibet's wildlife and forests have been almost totally destroyed and rivers polluted by the Chinese. The effects on Tibet's delicate environment have been devastating. Moreover, China uses Tibet for production of nuclear weapons and has started dumping nuclear wastes. Therefore serious efforts must be made to restore the natural environment in Tibet and to free Tibet from nuclear weapons production and dumping of nuclear waste.

2.2.1.2 Short Term Goals
a. To provide basic amenities of food, shelter, clothing and health to all Tibetans during their period in exile; and to revive and preserve the Tibetan race, culture, religion, traditional arts, crafts and sciences, and virtuous nature of the Tibetan people.

b. To improve the existing means of economic livelihood of the Refugee Community; and to introduce modern technologies both for the present and the future in various fields to enhance and establish a sound economic base for the CTA and its people based on a mixed economic system.

c. To provide opportunities for modern and traditional education to the future seed of Tibet: children; and to develop the human resources which are the backbone of community development.

d. To solve the problems of inter-departmental and constituent units work-overlap and pool joint efforts and cooperations of departments and units to achieve results on any particular activity through people's education, publications, and so on.

e. To evolve new strategies to raise funds, as community contributions, grants and loans where appropriate, from the Tibetan Refugee Community, host country governments, banks and loan funds; and to facilitate longer-term funding by international governmental and non-governmental organizations providing development and humanitarian assistance.
2.2.2 Developmental Principles for the IDP
a. Preservation and enhancement of Tibetan religion, culture, language and national identity: The programs and projects in the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), whether religious, cultural, social or economic, should contribute towards this goal.

b. Community awareness and participation: Community participation in drawing up the IDP is essential if it is going to serve the needs of the Tibetan Refugee Community. At the same time community participation is not possible unless there is sufficient awareness among the Community. The process of formulating the IDP should therefore also serve to strengthen such community awareness.

c. Decentralization: The Tibetan Refugee Community is governed in a decentralized manner, and the IDP should reflect this principle. However, coordination at the center is required to lay down guidelines which can provide a suitable framework for decentralized decision-making and to provide resources and services for the successful implementation of such decisions.

d. Sustainability: The programs and projects in the IDP should seek to be sustainable in financial, environmental and institutional terms. Programs should be financially sustainable by having a reliable source of income. They should be environmentally sustainable by preserving and enhancing the natural environment. And they should be institutionally sustainable by having sufficient human resources and capabilities.

e. Self-sufficiency: The need to move towards self-sufficiency in financial, physical and human resources should inform the programs and projects in the IDP.

f. Economic diversification appropriate to the Tibetan Community:The Tibetan Refugee Community should have a mixed and diverse economy which will ensure its long-term viability. Economic diversification, however, should be undertaken in ways which seek a balance between Tibetan traditions and values and the need for appropriate modernization.

g. Extent of integration with host country: Programs and projects to be incorporated in the IDP should consider the potential for drawing on resources available through the host country's governmental, non-governmental and private sectors, and where possible should be open to the local host population. However, the extent of integration with the host country should be balanced by the need to preserve the Tibetan Community's unique identity.

h. Return to a Free Tibet: The programs and projects in the IDP should consider not only the immediate needs of the Tibetan Refugee Community, but also the long-term needs of a Free Tibet.

i. Globalization of the Tibetan cause and values: The IDP should also be informed by the need to increase global awareness of the Tibetan cause, and to promote in the global context the value of the Tibetans' adherence to peace and non-violence.

2.3 PRIORITIES AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES

2.3.1 Sources and Uses of Funds: Central Institutions
Table 2.3.1.A gives the expenditure of the Departments and units of the CTA, as well as those autonomous units accountable to the CTA, in 1992-93. The CTA budget is chiefly raised from voluntary contributions from the Refugee Community, contributions from the profits of enterprises under the Department of Finance and of the cooperatives and societies, and proceeds from services provided by the CTA. Non-CTA Funds are raised directly by the individual Departments or units concerned for their own activities.

Half of the CTA budget is spent on information and international relations, in particular on the ten Offices of Tibet abroad. A further 30 percent is spent on government or institutional support services. As both these sectors are regarded as largely political in nature, they are not supported by most of the aid agencies and thus the meager self-generated resources of the Tibetan Refugee Community are used for these purposes, which account for just over 10 percent of the total expenditure.

The education sector accounts for a little less than half of the total expenditure. This reflects the priority that has been pursued by the Community in the past, that is, to invest in the Community's human resources by providing every Tibetan refugee child with a school education. As a result the Community has achieved almost 100 percent literacy among its younger generations. The large expenditure on education also reflects the generosity of the Government of India in funding the Central Tibetan Schools Administration, which accounted for over a quarter of educational expenditure, as well as the ability of the Community to raise external funds for schools.

The other sector to enjoy substantial expenditure is the rehabilitation sector, which is understandable in the case of a refugee community. However, some of the expenditure of the Department of Home will have in fact been on economic activities in the Settlements thereby increasing a little the total expenditure on economic development.

Table 2.3.1.B gives the sources of funds for the expenditure in 1992-93 of the CTA Departments as well as for all the central institutions of the Refugee Community, whether part of the CTA or not.

The first six categories of sources of funds are all self-generated, either through contributions, fees, sales, income-generation, deposits or loans. These sources of funds provided 29 percent of all the resources of the central institutions. In the case of the CTA Departments and units only these sources covered more than a third (38 percent) of all the resources.

A further 13 percent came from the Government of India. The Central Government continues to provide rehabilitation facilities to Tibetan refugees, and above all to fund the Central Tibetan Schools Administration (CTSA) which caters to over 40 percent of all children in Tibetan schools. Without this assistance it would have been impossible for the Refugee Community to achieve the successes it has in the rehabilitation and education sectors. The Central Government also wholly funds the Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies (which functions as an Institute of higher studies in the Indian university system), and contributes to the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. That most of the support of the Government of India is for cultural and educational services is clear from the fact that the Indian Government contributed very few resources which passed through the Departments of the CTA. Even this small amount was largely contributed to the Department of Home for rehabilitation services.

DEPARTMENT OR INSTITUTION	CTA BUDGET	%	TOTAL BUDGET	%
GOVERNMENT SERVICES: Office of H.H. the Dalai Lama Assembly of People's Deputies Kashag (Cabinet) Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission Election Commission Public Service Commission Office of the Auditor General Planning Council Department of Security Office of Personnel and Estate CTA Staff Benefits	12142 339 1515 2353 88 247 553 512 371 904 500 4761	29.5	16856 339 1655 2353 88 247 1336 790 922 904 3461 4761	4.9
REHABILITATION: Department of Home Office of the Reception Centers	4309 2617 1682	10.4	56190 48237 7953	16.4
ECONOMIC: Department of Finance Investments of the Department of Finance Handicraft Development Board	1190 1190	2.9	21748 2521 17398 1829	6.3
EDUCATION: Department of Education Tibetan Children's Village Tibetan Homes Foundation Cultural Printing Press Central Tibetan Schools Administration	656 656	1.6	159025 19195 75480 15670 6296 42384	46.3
HEALTH: Department of Health Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute Delek Hospital	391 289 102	0.9	31468 7374 21463 2632	9.2
RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS: Department of Religion and Culture Library of Tibetan Works and Archives Central Institute of Tibetan Studies (1990-91) Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts Tibet House (1990-91)	1946 1138 808	4.7	35471 20688 2710 7003 4523 547	10.2
INFORMATION/INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Department of Information & Int'l Relations Overseas Offices and Bureau in Delhi	20604 2118 18486	50.0	22889 4403 18486	6.7
TOTAL	41229	100	343647	100

The largest source of funds for Tibetan Refugee institutions is the international NGO community. Their continuing generosity and support meant that they covered more than a third of the total income of these institutions in 1992-93. Individual donors also contribute substantial amounts, representing 10 percent of the total income. The data confirms the important role that individuals and NGOs have played in supporting the Refugee Community and the Tibetan cause.

However, bilateral donors are becoming increasingly important for the Refugee Community. They provided 22 percent of the income of the CTA Departments and units, which was used for rehabilitation, health, cultural and institutional development activities. The growing involvement of bilateral donors indicates the growing recognition on the part of the international community of the importance of the Tibetan issue.

SOURCE OF FUNDS	CTA Institutions		All Central Institutions
	TOTAL	%	TOTAL	%
Fees and Sales	8670	5.1%	42043	11.5%
Interest Earned	5665	3.4%	9863	2.7%
CTA Budget Contribution	40319	23.9%	41229	11.3%
Community Contributions	3443	2.0%	4530	1.2%
Deposits from Public	5524	3.3%	5524	1.5%
Loans from CTA or Finance Dept.	1068	0.6%	2263	0.6%
Donor Agencies: Bilateral	37032	22.0%	43897	12.1%
Donor Agencies: International NGOs	48686	28.9%	129797	35.6%
Individual Donors (Foreign)	17777	10.6%	36521	10.0%
Government of India	295	0.2%	48589	13.3%
Total:	168479	100.0%	364257	100.0%

Note: The second column for all the central institutions includes (in addition to the Departments and other units of the CTA): CTSA, TCV, the Cultural Printing Press, TMAI, Delek Hospital, TIPA, LTWA and CIHTS.

2.3.2 Sources and Uses of Funds: Settlements
Table 2.3.2.A gives the sectoral distribution of expenditure on projects in the Settlements as indicated by the second IDP survey. Almost half of the project expenditure by the Settlements was allocated to economic development, a quarter to rehabilitation, especially housing, and a fifth to health, especially drinking water and sanitation. This clearly reflects the priorities the Settlements are giving to economic development and rehabilitation facilities.

Table 2.3.2.B gives the breakdown by source of funding of this project expenditure. Since most of the funds received through the Central Tibetan Administration will have been raised from donors, the Table indicates that the Settlements are highly dependent on donor funding for their project expenditure. Over a third of the funds received from donors came from organizations whose primary mandate is to support Tibetan refugees.

However, the pattern is very different for sources of income for the Settlement's recurrent developmental expenditure, for example for providing agricultural services, maintaining schools and clinics. Table 2.3.2.C indicates the significant contributions made by the cooperatives and the communities towards recurrent developmental expenditure in the Settlements. The data confirms the great importance of the cooperatives in providing services to the settlers. Loans also form an important source of income for recurrent developmental expenditure (these are mostly agricultural crop loans, repaid every year at the time of harvest). In fact the communities in the Settlements are raising over half of their recurrent developmental expenditure themselves, through contributions, fees, proceeds from the cooperatives and loans.

By combining the project and recurrent expenditure in the Settlements, it is clear that the Refugee Community in these Settlements is raising 29 percent of its developmental funds from its own sources, and an additional 11 percent through loans, giving a total of 40 percent.

While the income in the Settlements cannot be added to the income of the central institutions (because of the overlap between the two), it is nonetheless clear that in spite of their adverse situation as refugees"

the Tibetan Refugee Community in both the Settlements and the central institutions is raising about a third of its total developmental expenditure from business and income-generating activities, service fees and voluntary contributions from within the Community.

2.3.3 Future Priorities
The order of broad priorities established for the plan period of the IDP is as follows:

1.Socio-economic development (comprising the rehabilitation and economic sectors), with special emphasis on the new refugees and those still unsettled in the Settlements and scattered communities.

2.Education and Scientific, Professional and Vocational Training

3. Institutional Development and Human Resource Development

4. Health

5. Religious and Cultural Affairs

6. Information and International Affairs

These priorities are reflected within the total Plan budget given in Tables 2.3.3.A and B. The Rehabilitation Sector is predominant, with over 40 percent of the Plan budget. However, over two-thirds of the rehabilitation budget is for new refugees. Because of the ever increasing number of new refugees coming from Tibet the CTA has had to allocate over a quarter of the total Plan budget to meet their rehabilitation needs. This confirms the very significant financial implications of the new refugees for the existing Refugee Community.

The Education and Economic Development Sectors follow with about a sixth of the total Plan budget each. The allocation to the Religious and Cultural Sector is high, but over half of this is accounted for by the expenditure of the Government of India on the Central Institute of Higher Studies in Varanasi.

Only the budget for Institutional Development does not reflect the broad priorities given above. This is because much of the work on institutional development, while of great importance to the Refugee Community, does not require such substantial resources. Thus much of the expenditure in this sector is for training and human resource development rather than for substantial infrastructure projects or for running a large set of institutions such as Reception Centers or schools on a recurring basis.

Within the four main sectors - rehabilitation, economic development, education and institutional development - the following broad priorities have been set.

Rehabilitation sector

. Within this sector the sudden influx of new refugees - especially of youths and children, and of monks and nuns - urgently requires attention. Likewise efforts to settle those refugees who have not received rehabilitation facilities since arriving in the 1960s, but are eligible for rehabilitation facilities from the Government of India, will also receive priority. These two needs, as well as support for the elderly and infirm, will thus take priority for grant funding over housing and other infrastructure for already settled refugees. The Department of Home is therefore seeking to increase the proportion of funding raised through community contributions and loans for housing and other infrastructure.

Economic sector

. Within this sector the Refugee Community is seeking to continue to build on its strengths in the handicraft sector, especially as it provides employment to many of the weaker sections of the Community. However, there is now an urgent need to diversify the

Table 2.3.3.A Summary of IDP Budget (in Rs million)

Rehabilitation: New Refugees	28.1%	Health	9.8%
Existing Refugees	12.9%	Religious and Cultural Affairs	10.2%
Economic Development	16.4%	Information & International Affairs	1.0%
Education	17.8%	Institutional Development	3.9%

economic activities of the Community and to encourage private enterprise, through investment in income-generating activities in the Settlements, through the investments of the Department of Finance and through the Revolving Loan Fund, in order to generate employment for the almost one in five of the adult Settlement population who are unemployed and for the educated youth who currently cannot find attractive employment opportunities in the Settlements. It is also vital to develop the necessary human resources in the economic sector to prepare for the Community's return to future Free Tibet. This can best be achieved by providing appropriate scientific, technical, professional and vocational training to youths. There is also an urgent need to increase the productivity of the land through developing agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry, which provides the basic source of livelihood for almost half the population in the Settlements.

Education sector

. Within the education sector the Refugee Community continues to pursue the goal of universal school enrollment for all Tibetan refugee children, including in the remoter communities. While this goal has been achieved for over 80 percent of the Community's children, the drop-out rate is considerable and thus the educational establishments are now focussing more attention on the quality of education, as well as opportunities for further education. Under the quality of education the Community is seeking to improve the standard of teaching by providing more training for teachers; to develop science and technical education; and to make Tibetan the medium of instruction. As very few opportunities exist for Tibetan school graduates or drop-outs to continue to further education which could provide them with valuable job skills, the Community is seeking to expand the opportunities for further education, especially in scientific, technical and vocational fields. This will also contribute to reducing unemployment and diversifying the economy.

Institutional Development sector

. The development of a democratic, accountable and efficient government has been one of the main goals of His Holiness the Dalai Lama since assuming power in 1950. The Refugee Community continues to pursue this objective vigorously by promoting various governmental branches and functions, such as a judiciary as well as various Commissions to ensure democratic elections, correct financial practices and an efficient civil service. The Refugee Community is also placing increasing emphasis on the development of its human resources both for exile and for future Free Tibet. Making further progress along these lines remains one of the top priorities of the Refugee Community. In addition these functions and activities ensure the necessary support for all other activities in the Refugee Community, including those outlined in the other sectors of this Plan. As such they can be viewed as core institutional activities which enable all other programs to be implemented effectively.

Finally, priority is being given to the need to develop appropriate institutional capacities for the promotion of science, technology and the environment within the Refugee Community, both to improve the standards of living in the Community but above all to develop the necessary human resources and skills to allow future Free Tibet to operate effectively in the modern world.
Settlements and Scattered Communities.

The Central Tibetan Administration has always paid special attention to the development of the Settlements, as well as of the scattered communities, and this is reflected in the IDP. The Appendix to this Chapter lists the 78 projects planned in various Settlements and scattered communities which appear in this Plan. Of the total Plan outlay, a third is intended to be spent directly in the Settlements, either on the projects listed in the Appendix or through such programs as the on-going provision of health care in the Settlements. A further 14 percent is earmarked for the monasteries, most of which are important community institutions within the Settlements themselves, in order to assist them in absorbing the many new refugees who are monks and nuns. Thus just under half the Plan outlay is intended directly for the Settlement and scattered communities. Of course, these communities will also derive considerable benefits from many of the activities of the central institutions which are not conducted in the Settlements themselves.

The Appendix reveals the priorities that the Central Tibetan Administration is giving to the remoter and poorer Settlements. Thus the highest density of projects is in the three Settlements in the far North-East (with 4 to 5 projects each). Moreover, most of these projects have been put towards the beginning of the Programs of which they form part. The second priority area reflected by these projects are the three isolated Settlements in central India with 3 or 4 projects each. In contrast the large Settlements in the south, where almost half the Settlement population lives, have been given lower priority. This is because they are more developed than most other Settlements, and also enjoy long-standing relations with various donors and are thus better able to raise their own resources. In contrast the Settlements in the North-East suffer from the fact that it is difficult to visit them, and thus many donors are unwilling to fund projects in these Settlements, even though they clearly have the greatest needs.

2.3.4 Plan Budget and Financing Strategy
The Second Integrated Development Plan of the Tibetan Refugee Community, covering the five year period 1995-96 to 1999-2000, has a total outlay of Rs 1097 million (US$ 36.6 million). The sectoral break-up, in Indian Rupees, is given in Table 2.3.3.A and in percentage terms in Table 2.3.3.B. The total budget for the second IDP is only slightly greater than that for the first. While the second IDP includes many new plans and well as old plans which have been further developed, the overall budget has not increased because many programs and projects in the first IDP have been or are being implemented, and because the process of drawing up the second IDP has allowed much more careful scrutiny of the costing of individual programs and projects. A number of large projects in particular have seen their costing reduced or in a few cases have been deleted.

The IDP budget amounts to just over Rs 200 million a year. Although the Plan does not include much of the Community's recurrent development expenditure, the total budget is clearly realistic. The total expenditure, including all recurrent expenditure, of the Community both in the central institutions and the Settlements exceeded Rs 450 million in 1992-93, indicating that the Community has considerable experience in managing total finances of a size comparable to the proposed IDP budget. In addition the progress made with implementing the first IDP confirms that the Plan is realistic in terms of the Community's implementation capacities.

The Central Tibetan Administration is seeking to move the Refugee Community away from grant dependency. The process of formulating the Integrated Development Plan has given the CTA an opportunity to make significant steps in this direction as indicated by Table 2.3.4. The first IDP appeared to indicate that almost 20 percent of the total budget would be raised through community contributions, fees and sales. However, this percentage in fact included considerable commitments of the Tibetan Children's Village from its own resources, which are however primarily raised through sponsorships for children at TCV or from donors. Such commitments have been included under the category "funding already secured" in 2.3.3.C. Thus the fact that 15 percent of the total Plan budget of the second IDP will be raised from community contributions, fees and sales, and an additional 6 percent through loans, marks significant progress in reducing the Community's dependency on grants. It reflects the success of the regional planning workshops at the Settlement level, and of the increasing importance given to this issue within the Central Tibetan Administration.

Funding already secured.

The Tibetan Children's Village has been able to secure funding for all its projects in this Plan document through its long-standing supporters. These projects make up 61 percent of the total funding already secured for the second IDP. A further 23 percent is coming through the Government of India's financing of the Central Institute for Higher Tibetan Studies as an Indian institute of higher education.
Donors.

The remaining funding being sought from donors through this Plan document is thus as follows:

- Rs 605.0 million or US$ 20.7 million in the form of grant finance.

- Rs 70.4 million or US$ 2.3 million in the form of loan finance.

Program and sector financing.

In the past many activities within the Tibetan Refugee Community have been funded through small grants and donations from many sources, which have proved vital in sustaining the Community through a most difficult period. However, the Community has been unable to plan for the long term on the basis of such funding, because it has never been sure about its income even in the immediate future. Thus in many sectors only the most immediate needs have been addressed, and the implementation of longer-term strategies has often proceeded slowly or even proved impossible. With the Integrated Development Plan the Community is therefore approaching donors for funding for whole programs or sectors rather than for individual projects as in the past. Only such funding will allow the Community to establish its developmental activities on a more sustainable footing. Such funding will also allow the Departments and institutions concerned to build up valuable experience in managing integrated programs and sectors, rather than just many individual projects.

The Community will however continue to approach the Tibet Support Groups and the many individual friends of the Community around the world for smaller contributions towards programs and projects contained in this Plan. As the analysis of the Community's sources of income in 2.2.1 and 2 above indicate, such groups and individuals have in the past, and will undoubtedly continue in the future, to provide invaluable support to the Community for its developmental activities.

2.4 STRUCTURE OF THE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN DOCUMENT

2.4.1 Outline.

The IDP Document is divided into nine chapters. Following the two introductory chapters, the sectors covered are:

Rehabilitation (chapter 3)

Economic Development (chapter 4)

Education (chapter 5)

Health (chapter 6)

Religious and Cultural Affairs (chapter 7)

Information and International Affairs (chapter 8)

Institutional Development (chapter 9)

The chapter on rehabilitation is divided into two parts: Chapter 3A dealing with the newly arrived refugees, and Chapter 3B with the problems of those who arrived before 1980.

Within each sector the following heads are covered:

Background

Current Activities

Problem and Needs Assessment

Sector Goals

Future Programs and Projects

Implementation

Human Resources

Financial Resources

Monitoring and Evaluation

Implications for Free Tibet

Budget Summary

These sections may appear in a section applicable to the whole sector, or under each individual program in the sector. The budget summary for each sector appears at the end of each chapter.

2.4.2 New Material in the second IDP.

For those readers familiar with the first IDP, the following is a list of some of the new material or some of the changes that have been introduced in the second IDP document.

- The summary of financial data, including sources of funds, gathered from audited accounts of the CTA and other central institutions is given above in this Chapter.

- The results of the survey of the monasteries and nunneries are reflected in Chapters 3A and 7.

- The results of the survey on Livelihoods, Employment and Income-Generation (LEIG), including on private enterprise in the Settlements and scattered communities, are reflected in the introductory sections of Chapter 4. These lead into the development of a strategy for the promotion of LEIG within the Refugee Community.

- Plans of the Tibetan Homes Foundation, which did not submit any plans for the first IDP, have been incorporated in Chapter 5.

- The Plans of the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission, which was only established at the time the first IDP was published, appear in Chapter 9.

- A completely new section of Chapter 9 incorporates the Plan for Science, Technology and the Environment (ST&E) drawn up by the ST&E Task Force. The framework for Institutional Development within the Refugee Community has also been articulated more coherently in the introduction to Chapter 9.

Some significant new plans of various Departments, or old plans which have now been developed more thoroughly, have also been added. Examples of these include,

- The plans of the Department of Religion and Culture to assist the many monks and nuns among the new refugees and of the Department of Health to provide support to the torture victims among the new refugees.

- The plans of the Department of Home to rehabilitate unsettled refugees who came before 1980.

- A number of major agricultural projects proposed by the Settlements.

- The plans of the Revolving Loan Fund to increase its capital and provide training.

- The plans of the Department of Education to upgrade the quality of education, including in the fields of science and Tibetan language.

- The plans of the Office of the Auditor General to upgrade its human resources.In addition many Departments have been able to make use of the more detailed program proposal outline drawn up for the second IDP. This is reflected, for example, in the significant upgrading since the first IDP of the plans of the Departments of Health and of Information and International Relations.

The quality of the projects submitted by the Settlements has also improved significantly with the inputs of the second IDP process both in the Settlements and in Dharamsala. These are seen in the chapters on economic development and health (drinking water and sanitation program), as well as in the program for infrastructure in the Settlements under rehabilitation. The CTA therefore has greater confidence in the soundness of these project proposals, and the costing has been reviewed more thoroughly than was possible for the first IDP.

Appendix: Projects in the Settlements and Scattered Communities

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Last updated: 30-Sept-96